Practical use of response surface methodology for optimization of veterinary antibiotic removal using UV/H2O2 process

Three of the most commonly used veterinary antibiotics—enrofloxacin (ENR), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and oxytetracycline (OTC)—were chosen as representative antibiotics for UV/H₂O₂ treatments. The objective was to determine the optimization of UV/H₂O₂ to remove antibiotics from aquaculture discharge water using response surface methodology. The degradation of the antibiotics was investigated under varying UV/H₂O₂ conditions in environments with different levels of pH, water matrices, humic acid, and constituent ions. The degradation results demonstrated that increasing the H₂O₂ dosage facilitated ENR degradation at a neutral pH while facilitating degradation of SMX and OTC at a slightly acidic pH. The optimum removal conditions for ENR, which was used in all influential effect experiments and the contact tank experiments, was obtained at 10 mM H₂O₂, a pretreated COD of 87.51 mg L⁻¹, and an initial pH of 6.15. Among the tested anions, only the presence of Cl^- showed slight positive effects on ENR degradation, due to the generation of secondary active radicals. During the reaction, the hydroxyl radical (OH) was present at a higher pH while singlet oxygen (¹O₂) was slightly present at a lower pH. The experimental results from H₂O₂ sequential addition indicated that freshly added H₂O₂ could quench the recently generated OH and therefore a high H₂O₂ concentration with frequent adding was not necessary. Our contact system reduced the ENR concentration in both the effluent reservoir and in the UV irradiation zone. The overall results supported the use of the UV/H₂O₂ system to treat remnant antibiotics in the discharge water.     

马尾松叶表微生物多样性

为发掘对林木生长发育有利的优良微生物资源,并筛选适合叶表微生物的收集方法,以马尾松针叶为试验材料,分别用悬摇法和超声波法收集马尾松叶表微生物,用扩增子高通量测序技术、MUSCLE和Qiime软件研究马尾松叶表微生物的多样性。结果表明:扫描电镜观测结果显示,马尾松针叶表面定殖有大量微生物,包括真菌(菌丝及孢子)和细菌。扩增子高通量测序结果表明,马尾松叶表微生物物种丰富,包含细菌运算分类单位(OTUs)490个,真菌OTUs 1273个。马尾松叶表细菌以未分类的蓝细菌属(unidentified_Cyanobacteria)(36.53%)、未分类的拜叶林克氏菌属(unidentified_Beijerinckia)(28.60%)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)(2.35%)为优势属;叶表真菌以枝孢属(Cladosporium)(2.45%)、拟盘多毛孢属(Pestalotiopsis)(0.92%)、无头孢菌属(Capnobotryella)(0.91%)为优势属。针对叶表细菌多样性的研究表明,悬摇法和超声波法均有较高的物种检出度;在叶表真菌多样性的研究中超声波法优于悬摇法,但超声波法样品间数据变异性较大,测定结果不稳定。     

利用响应面法优化椰子风味发酵乳加工工艺

本文以脱脂乳和椰浆为原料进行风味发酵乳的制备。以感官评定为指标,在单因素试验的基础上,选取UHT椰浆添加量、发酵温度和发酵时间进行试验,利用响应面法对椰子风味发酵乳的最佳配方进行优化。结果表明,对风味发酵乳的影响程度最大的因子是UHT椰浆添加量,其次为发酵时间。椰浆发酵乳的最佳配方为椰浆添加量16.5%,发酵温度45℃,发酵时间8h。以此配方制成的椰浆发酵乳,感官评分为45.56,产品颜色均匀,口感顺滑细腻,有浓郁的奶香、椰香风味和滋味。     

响应面法优化荷叶豆乳饮料配方的研究

为研制出一款营养丰富、口感独特的荷叶豆乳饮料，以感官评定值为指标，在单因素试验的基础上，通过响应面法优化饮料配方。结果表明，荷叶豆乳的最优配方为：苹果汁添加量5%（V/V），荷叶浸提物添加量16%（V/V），白砂糖添加量6%（m/V），豆乳添加量6%（V/V），此时响应面预测的感官评分达86.4分。按照该配方制作的荷叶豆乳饮料色泽均匀，荷叶香味怡人，甜酸比适中，无豆腥味，无明显分层。     

大球盖菇1号的分离纯化及其液体培养基优化

为缩短大球盖菇(Stropharia rugoso-annulata)1号液体种生长周期,提高菌丝体产量,为大球盖菇液体种工业化生产提供参考和依据。试验以大球盖菇1号菌丝球干质量(Y)为指标,通过Plackett-Burman设计试验,得出玉米粉、MgSO4和VB1对大球盖菇的生物量有显著影响,通过最陡爬坡试验和Box-Behnken响应面分析法对大球盖菇液体培养基组成进行优化,得到大球盖菇1号最适液体培养基为蔗糖20 g·L^-1、蛋白胨6 g·L^-1、酵母膏2 g·L^-1、KH2PO43 g·L^-1、MgSO44.56 g·L^-1、玉米粉4.25 g·L^-1、VB12.43 g·L^-1,通过对模型进行验证试验,大球盖菇1号菌丝生物量为1.2154 g·150-1mL-1,较基础培养基相比生物量提高36.2%,且数学模型的预测值与试验观察值相符,相对误差约为1.9%,证明响应面法优化大球盖菇1号液体培养基可行。     

Simulation of future dissolved oxygen distribution in pond culture based on sliding window-temporal convolutional network and trend surface analysis

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a key ecological factor to measure the quality of water in the aquaculture. As the pond water body is affected by the breeding environment, the spatial distribution of DO shows a certain law in the entire pond. Therefore, to simulate the distribution of DO in aquaculture waters and grasp the temporal and spatial variation of DO is the key to achieving precise regulation of DO. For this purpose, this paper proposed a method for simulating the temporal and spatial distribution of DO in pond culture based on a sliding window-temporal convolutional network together with trend surface analysis (SW-TCN-TSA). This paper first utilized SW to construct DO data sets with different prediction durations, and then used the improved TCN model to realize one-dimensional time series prediction for DO at single monitoring point. Based on the prediction results of DO, a TSA method was performed on the predicted values of DO at the extreme moments of all discrete monitoring points, so as to realize the simulation of the temporal and spatial distribution of DO in the pond. Experimental results show that the SW-TCN model has better prediction performance for one-dimensional time series prediction of DO. Compared with traditional deep networks, such as CNN, GRU, LSTM, CNN-GRU and CNN-LSTM, the values of evaluation indicators (MSE, MAE and RMSE) have been greatly improved. In the process of trend surface fitting, all fitting R² of DO at different water depths are higher than 0.9, indicating that the TSA can accurately reflect the temporal and spatial distribution of DO. This method can provide a basis for the prediction and early warning of DO in the three-dimensional space of the pond and has high practicability in aquaculture.     

叶面阻隔联合土壤钝化对水稻镉吸收转运的影响

为了探讨叶面阻隔联合钝化对水稻镉吸收转运的影响，实现重金属污染农田稻米安全生产，采用大田试验的方式，选用氨基酸螯合硒营养液肥和活性硅肥作为叶面阻隔剂，硅钙肥和贝壳粉作为土壤钝化剂，在田间共设置7个处理：水稻常规种植（CK），叶面喷施氨基酸螯合硒营养液肥（Se400），叶面喷施活性硅肥（Si1000），叶面喷施氨基酸螯合硒营养液肥的同时分别基施硅钙肥（Se400GG）和贝壳粉（Se400BK），叶面喷施活性硅肥的同时分别基施硅钙肥（Si1000GG）和贝壳粉（Si1000BK）。水稻成熟后对水稻籽粒、颖壳、秸秆、根四部分的镉含量进行检测。结果表明：与对照处理相比，各处理水稻籽粒中镉含量均不同程度降低，且叶面阻隔联合土壤钝化处理的效果更好。Se400GG处理水稻籽粒镉含量下降最明显，降幅为88.13%，水稻籽粒镉含量为（0.18±0.01）mg·kg^-1，低于大米镉限量值0.2 mg·kg^-1（GB 2762—2017）；其次是Si1000GG处理，水稻籽粒镉含量下降了56.77%；单独叶面阻隔的两个处理Si1000和Se400效果较差，水稻籽粒镉含量仅下降了18.28%和9.03%。水稻籽粒镉含量降低的主要原因是水稻各部位的富集系数和转运系数减小，Se400GG和Si1000GG处理水稻根到秸秆的转运系数下降了84.93%和72.60%，水稻籽粒的富集系数下降了87.88%和56.06%，而Se400和Si1000处理水稻根到秸秆的转运系数仅下降46.58%和38.36%，水稻籽粒的富集系数仅下降12.12%和15.91%。可见，叶面阻隔联合钝化技术，尤其是叶面喷施氨基酸螯合硒营养液肥的同时基施硅钙肥能更有效地阻隔水稻对镉的吸收和转运，降低水稻籽粒镉的含量，是值得在镉低污染稻田推广应用的技术。     

冀北坝上地区3种人工灌木林地防风蚀效果的比较

选取冀北坝上地区防风固沙林为研究对象,通过观测风速、地表粗糙度、临界起沙风速、输沙量、风沙流结构等指标,对比分析3种人工灌木林地(沙棘林地、柠条林地、沙柳林地)防风蚀效果。结果表明:人工植被能够增加地表粗糙度,改变近地表风场和风沙流结构,降低风速,减少输沙量,有效防治土壤风蚀。不同人工灌木林地防风蚀效果存在较大差异。从主要观测指标来看,粗糙度和临界起沙风速为柠条林地>沙棘林地>沙柳林地;输沙量为柠条林地<沙棘林地<沙柳林地;防风效应为沙棘林地>沙柳林地>柠条林地;固沙效应为柠条林地>沙棘林地>沙柳林地。冀北坝上地区应充分发挥林木防风固沙、保持水土的特性,采用生物治沙技术与措施,合理配置人工植被开展生态建设,防治土壤风蚀,改善生态环境。     

耕作措施对坡耕地红壤地表径流氮磷流失的影响

云南山地面积约占全省土地总面积的94%,特殊的地形特征,极易引发坡面土壤侵蚀和养分流失,严重影响了农业可持续生产。采取有效的农艺措施来减少坡耕地土壤养分流失是十分有必要的。为此,通过4年定位试验对顺坡(2组处理)、横坡(2组处理)2种耕作方向的复合农艺措施处理进行研究。结果表明:云南坡地红壤的径流时间主要集中在6—9月,且产流雨量占年降雨量的65.62%～75.82%。产流雨量与年降雨量呈现一致趋势。径流量和产流雨量呈线性关系(R_(NVF)~2=0.597 7,R_(OVF)~2=0.415 1,R_(OHF)~2=0.378 2,R_(OHFR)~2=0.335 5),其相关性大小顺序为顺坡处理横坡处理,不施肥处理施肥处理,覆膜处理揭膜处理(P0.01)。大雨(25～49.9 mm)和暴雨(≥50 mm)造成了年度大部分径流和养分的流失。横坡垄作组处理产生地表径流(177.13±28.87)～(182.28±33.75) mm,径流中总氮流失量(7.66±2.51)～(7.85±1.92) kg/hm~2,总磷流失量为(0.91±0.26)～(1.09±0.27) kg/hm~2,与顺坡垄作OVF(常规处理)相比径流和养分极显著减少了49.57%～52.13%,33.16%～53.88%(P0.01)。不同耕作措施下,复合耕作模式(优化施肥+横坡垄作+旺长期揭膜)拦截径流和养分流失的效果最好。RDA分析结果发现,与降雨量相比较,径流量是影响氮磷养分变化的主要环境因子(P0.01)。径流量与氮养分(NH_4~+-N除外)流失量的相关性高于与磷的相关性,表明氮比磷更容易随径流流失。顺坡处理NVF和OVF与环境因子径流量和氮磷养分流失量TN、TDN、NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N、TP、TDP呈正相关,横坡处理OHF和OHFR与其呈负相关。     

微灌砂过滤器石英砂滤料颗粒粗糙度参数测算与分析

微灌砂过滤器砂滤料颗粒的表面粗糙度直接影响到砂滤层水头损失和对水中杂质的滞纳能力,从而影响到滤层过滤效果。为了对砂滤料颗粒表面粗糙度进行定量分析,以粒径范围为1.0~1.18、1.18~1.4和1.4~1.7 mm的3种滤料的砂滤料颗粒为研究对象,每种滤料选取15粒石英砂作为样本,以砂滤料颗粒表面形貌的均方根偏差、表面高度分布的偏斜度和表面高度分布的峭度表征颗粒表面粗糙度,采用三维表面形貌仪对粗糙度参数进行测量,采用统计分析方法对粗糙度参数进行分析。结果表明,3种滤料砂滤料颗粒表面波峰波谷的波动幅度分别占滤料当量粒径的15.6%、14.6%和13.1%,说明微灌砂过滤器砂滤料颗粒表面粗糙度比较大;石英砂滤料颗粒表面高度分布的峭度比较大,说明砂滤料颗粒表面形貌高度分布比较集中;石英砂滤料颗粒表面高度分布的偏斜度都为负,说明砂滤料颗粒表面凹陷部分所占比例偏大,影响过滤效果。通过研究认为,要使过滤器石英砂滤料获得更好的过滤效果,应选取相对较大颗粒的石英砂滤料,并对砂滤料的生产工艺进行改进,使砂滤料粗糙度适当增大。